- Define the foundational principles of electrical nerve stimulation and its role in clinical neuromodulation.
- Differentiate between types of electrical current (AC vs. DC) and delivery methods (invasive vs. non-invasive).
- Describe the physiological effects of alternating current on excitable tissue.
- Explain the influence of waveform shape, pulse width, frequency, and amplitude on clinical outcomes.
- Identify appropriate electrical stimulation parameters for targeting sensory, motor, and central pathways.
- Compare various stimulation modalities including TENS, NMES, FES, IFC, and transcranial stimulation.
- Discuss the electrophysiological concepts underlying nerve excitability, depolarization, and conduction.
- Recognize the safety considerations and contraindications for using electrical stimulation in clinical care.
- Summarize the historical evolution of therapeutic electrical stimulation and its modern applications.
- Observe and analyze hands-on demonstrations of neuromodulation techniques for functional improvement.
- Evaluate the impact of electrode placement, skin impedance, and tissue depth on stimulation effectiveness.
- Demonstrate the ability to select and adjust electrical parameters based on clinical goals and patient response.
- Discuss the role of patterned afferent stimulation in promoting neuroplasticity and sensory-motor integration.
- Interpret the clinical use of AC protocols for conditions such as pain, incontinence, balance, and gait dysfunction.
- Apply neuromodulation strategies in patient care using evidence-informed protocols and critical decision-making.
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