Cognition and intelligence is something many people take for granted. Both cognition and intelligence are complex neurophysiological processes that involve multiple regions and networks in the brain. Cognition may be categorized into various different forms including some which are conscious, and others which are unconscious. Understanding the relationship between cognition, intelligence, and brain function allow clinicians to better diagnose and treat a variety of conditions in order to improve human functionality. In this lecture, we will discuss both the history of cognitive neuroscience through the future of cognitive neuroscience. We will discuss cognitive and intelligence dysfunction in individuals of all ages, and appropriate examination procedures for specific cognitive functions at the bedside. A discussion on an updated evidence-based model of left/right brain differences in cognitive/behavior preferences will also be discussed. Finally, a thorough discussion on intelligence and IQ and its relation to brain function, its relation to genetics vs environmental factors, and its impact on society will be discussed. Once completed, learners should have a thorough understanding of the basic principles and tests in cognitive neuroscience.